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Lots of other Scientologist-run companies and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies using Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directories of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE needs those who wish to become Hubbard management seeks advice from to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to help with the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the form of effective or reputable people. Perth Scientology. Though it has achieved some trustworthiness as a faith in lots of countries, Scientology has actually likewise been explained as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has been noted to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Level playing field people it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, destructive libel versus attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" may be perceived as "threatening to established social institutions".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s was available in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church took legal action against and lost repeatedly for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had at first demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as determined in a web poll run by the governmental shift group soliciting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was created with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later on relabelled the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and devoted one of the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by an organization not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The crime devoted by these accuseds is of a breadth and scope formerly unprecedented. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No person or company was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive strategies in attending to those it views as attempting to suppress them, known as Suppressive Persons (SPs) first detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having have a peek here authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper known to have been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb dangers in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was discovered at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.